I. Ijambo ry'ibanze
Oscillator ya Crystal, nkibikoresho byingenzi bigenzura inshuro nyinshi, bikoreshwa cyane mubikoresho byinganda, sisitemu yo kugenzura umutekano, ibikoresho byubuvuzi, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki yimodoka, ibikoresho byo murugo byubwenge, nibindi bice. Duhereye kuri macro, iyubakwa ryibikorwa remezo byamakuru yisi yose bifitanye isano niterambere ryiterambere rya kristu. Iyi ngingo isesengura buri gihe ubwihindurize bwa tekinoloji ya oscillator ya kristu - kuva havumbuwe ingaruka ya piezoelectric kugeza kuri nano - gupakira ibipimo - byerekana uburyo byateje imbere ikoranabuhanga ryabantu binyuze muri revolisiyo enye zinganda.
II. Amateka y'Iterambere rya Crystal Oscillators
1. Igihe cyo Kumurikirwa Ikoranabuhanga
Mu 1880, abavandimwe Jacques na Pierre Curie bavumbuye ko gukoresha imashini zikoreshwa mu isahani ya kirisiti ya kirisiti byabyaye amashanyarazi, bikerekana igitekerezo cyaIngaruka ya piezoelectric.
Ihame rya Piezoelectric: Iyo igitutu gishyizwe mubikoresho bya piezoelectric, habaho itandukaniro ryamashanyarazi (izwi nkaIngaruka ya piezoelectric). Ibinyuranye, gukoresha voltage bitanga imashini (theIngaruka ya piezoelectric). Niba umuvuduko urimo - guhindagurika inshuro nyinshi, bitanga amashanyarazi menshi -. Iyo hejuru - ibimenyetso byamashanyarazi bikoreshwa mububumbyi bwa piezoelectric, bitanga ibimenyetso byinshi - byerekana ibimenyetso bya acoustic (vibrasique ya mashini), bikunze kwitwaibimenyetso bya ultrasonic.
Mu 1918, Paul Langevin yakoze ubushakashatsi akoresheje plaque ya kirisiti kugira ngo atezimbere sisitemu ya sonar yo gutahura ubwato. Ibi byari bikubiyemo guhuza ibikorwa byinshi bya sonar mugutunganya amakuru yuzuye no kugenzura hagati kugirango byuzuze ibisabwa, harimo gushakisha urusaku, urusaku rwinshi, kumenya sonar pulse, kumenya intego, no kuburira torpedo. Langevin yakoresheje X - gukata plaque ya quartz kugirango itange kandi imenye amajwi yo mumazi.
Mu 1921, Porofeseri WG Cady wo muri kaminuza ya Wesleyan yatanze patenti oscillator ya quartz. Patent ye yakoresheje quartz kristal resonator kugirango igenzure inshuro ya oscillator kandi isobanura utubari twa plaque / plaque nkibipimo byinshyi na filteri. Rero, Cady azwi cyane nkuwambere gukoresha kristu ya quartz kugirango igenzure inshuro nyinshi mumuzunguruko wa oscillator.
Mu 1923, Porofeseri wa Harvard GW Pierce yashyizeho umuzenguruko wa kristu oscillator ushyira kristu hagati ya gride na anode ya vacuum tube valve - ibanziriza imiterere ya oscillator ya Pierce.
Mu 1925, Westinghouse Electric yashyizeho oscillator ya kristu nka oscillator nyamukuru kuri radio yabo KDKA.
Van Dyke yateje imbere urugero rwumuzunguruko wa quartz kristal resonator. Uyu muzunguruko ufite imirongo ibiri yumvikana: theurukurikirane rw'amajwi (fs), aho Lg - Cg - Rg ishami ryumvikana, naparallel resonant frequency (fp), umuzenguruko rusange. Kuva Cg Mu 1926, Y - yaciwe kristu yavumbuwe arakoreshwa. Kugeza icyo gihe, X - yaciwe kristu ya kristu yakoreshejwe. Mugihe X {5} Mu 1927, Warren Marrison wo muri Bell Labs yashyizeho igipimo cya mbere cya quartz kristal oscillator. Mu 1928, Warren Marrison yakoze isaha ya mbere ya kirisiti ya kirisiti muri Laboratoire ya Bell. Isaha ya Quartz yasimbuye amasaha yuzuye ya pendulum nkigihe cyo kwisi neza kwisi (kugeza amasaha ya atome). Amasaha ya Atomekoresha imirasire ya electromagnetique isohoka mugihe cyo kwinjiza ingufu za atome / kurekura mugihe, ugere ku ikosa rya ~ 1 isegonda ya kabiri mumyaka miriyoni 20 - kuri ubu igikoresho cyukuri cyo kwisi. Mu 1934, AT - na BT - byaciwe na quartz kristal resonator byagaragaye, byigenga byavumbuwe na Lack / Willard / Fair (USA), Koga (Ubuyapani), na Beckmann / Straubel (Ubudage). 2. Ikiringo R&D: Umusaruro mwinshi wa Crystal Oscillators Mu 1950, hashyizweho amasaha ya atome. Isaha ya Quartz yageze kumurongo ntarengwa wamasegonda 1 mumyaka 30 (30ms / yr). Bell Labs yatangije hydrothermal inzira yubucuruzi - igipimo cya kwars kristal. 3. Igihe cyiterambere: Batch Production & Shift kuva mubisirikare ujya mubasivili Mu 1968, Juergen Staudte wo mu ndege ya Amerika y'Amajyaruguru yahimbye uburyo bwo gufotora uburyo bwo gukora oscillator ya quartz kristal, bituma miniaturizasi yibicuruzwa byoroshye nk'amasaha. Mu 1976, SC ya mbere - gukata kristu yabonetse. Byakoreshejwe cyane cyane mu ziko - bigenzurwa na kristu oscillator (OCXOs) bitewe nubushyuhe bwiza bwubushyuhe bwa OCXO. 4. Igihe cyiterambere cyihuta: Porogaramu zitandukanye muri Electronics Kuva mu 1990 kugeza ubu, oscillator ya quartz yavuye kuri DIP igera ku bikoresho bito bya SMD, biva mu byuma gakondo byinjira mu bikoresho bya pulasitiki / ibyuma / ceramic. Ibisabwa neza nibisabwa byiyongereye, bisaba inzira nziza yo gukora. Porogaramu yaguye kuva niche ikoreshwa mubice bitandukanye nka 5G, IoT, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, ubuvuzi bwubwenge, nibikoresho byubwenge. III. Incamake Imyaka 70+ kuva 1880 kugeza 1956 yaranze igihe fatizo cya oscillator ya quartz, irangwa nubuvumbuzi bwibanze hamwe nabashya bakomeye. Iterambere rya tekinoroji ya quartz ryerekana inzira gahoro gahoro yo kuvumbura, gusobanukirwa, no gukura - iterambere ntirishobora kwihuta. 
